Jose Rizal’s Family

Jose Rizals parents, Francisco Mercado Rizal y Alejandro (18181898)8 and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos(18261911),8 were prosperous farmers who were granted lease of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans. Rizal was the seventh child of their eleven children namely Saturnina (18501913), Paciano (18511930), Narcisa (18521939), Olympia (18551887), Lucia (18571919), Maria (18591945), Jose Protasio (18611896), Concepcion (18621865), Josefa (18651945), Trinidad (18681951) and Soledad (18701929). Rizal was a 9th-generation patrilineal descendant of Domingo Lam-co (Chinese pinyin Ke Yinan), a Chinese immigrant entrepreneur who sailed to the Philippines from Jinjiang, Quanzhou in the mid-17th century. 9 Lam-co married Inez de la Rosa, a Sangley native of Luzon. To free his descendants from the Sinophobic animosity of the Spanish authorities, Lam-co changed the sobriquet to the Spanish Mercado (market) to indicate their Chinese merchant roots. In 1849, Governor-General Narcis o Claveria ordered all native families in the Philippines to choose new surnames from a list of Spanish family names.Joses father Francisco8 adopted the surname Rizal (originally Ricial, the green of young growth or green fields), which was suggested to him by a provincial governor, or as Jose had described him, a friend of the family. However, the name change caused confusion in the business affairs of Francisco, most of which were begun under the nonagenarian name. After a few years, he settled on the name Rizal Mercado as a compromise, but usually just used the original surname Mercado.Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, Jose dropped the last three names that make up his full name, at the advice of his brother, Paciano Rizal Mercado, and the Rizal Mercado family, thus rendering his name as Jose Protasio Rizal. Of this, Rizal writes My family never paying(a) much attention to our second surname Rizal, but now I had to use it, thus giving me the appearance of an ill egitimate child 10 This was to enable him to spark freely and disassociate him from his brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links with native priests who were sentenced to death as subversives.From early childhood, Jose and Paciano were already advancing unheard-of political ideas of freedom and person rights which infuriated the authorities. 1112 Despite the name change, Jose, as Rizal soon distinguishes himself in poetry writing contests, impressing his professors with his facility with Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in writing essays that are critical of the Spanish historical accounts of the pre-colonial Philippine societies.Indeed, by 1891, the year he finished his sunset, this second surname had become so well known that, as he writes to another friend, All my family now carry the name Rizal instead of Mercado because the name Rizal means persecution Good I too want to join them and be deserving of this family name 10 Jose became the focal point by which the family became known, at least from the point of view of colonial authorities.